Sunday, December 29, 2019

Being A Transgender In America - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2929 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Transgender Essay Did you like this example? Nobody needs or wants to feel like they dont have a place or feel like they are not being thought about. Transgender individuals are much the same as every other person on the planet and have the right to be dealt with similarly to cisgendered individuals, or individuals who distinguish as the sex they were given during childbirth. As thought by Sam Killermann (a comedian and social justice advocate), being transgender means living as an individual from a sexual orientation other than that normal dependent on sex doled out during childbirth. This definition is critical on the grounds that a transgender individual is as yet a man. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Being A Transgender In America" essay for you Create order Sexual orientation is viewed as a range, and one can fall anyplace on this range. Once more, as indicated by Sam Killermann, being transgender means living as an individual from a sexual orientation other than that normal dependent on sex allocated during childbirth. There are a lot a larger number of sexes than simply the one relegated during childbirth. Because a man is brought into the world with male genitalia does not mean they must be male. There are a wide range of gender characters and impartial restrooms influence something beyond transgender individuals. Individuals who are not transgender additionally experience difficulty with regards to restrooms. For instance, somebody who is sex liquid is depicted to feel like a blend of the two conventional sexual orientations, however may feel more man some days, and more lady different days. (Killermann). It is exceptionally troublesome for individuals who dont go as an explicit sexual orientation to utilize the bathroom out in the open. This isnt an issue exclusively felt by transgendered individuals. LGBTQ individuals have confronted unfairness and separation and have been battling for their rights for quite a long time to defeat partiality against them which they have at last gotten in 2015. LGBTQ indivudals had remained to a great extent quiet and concealed in American culture until World War II finished. A large number of them shrouded their bizarre sexual introduction from the general public out of disgrace and dread. Homosexuals who lived in urban areas regularly framed close informal organizations with different homosexuals while remaining a shrouded subculture. Amid the 1950s, LGBTQ Americans earned numerous opportunities they had not recently gotten. Their essence turned out to be all the more free-streaming yet at the same time not broadly acknowledged. Amidst 1950s, victimization the LGBTQ community began to extend, they have been kicked out of their occupations due to their sexual introduction. Also, the homosexual way of life was considered as a danger to Amer ican security during the 1960s as gay and lesbian were being bugged or struck around then. Notwithstanding, it was the defining moment for the LGBTQ people group in 1969 when the Stonewall riots broke out. One thing the gay rights development encouraged the world is the significance of being noticeable.Charles M. Blow. The LGBTQ individual groups have rights to live regularly the same amount of as individuals who are not in the LGBTQ group. Most homosexual people are loathed and treated contrastingly as a result of their sexuality. There will never be a comprehension of for what reason a few people to be so disgusting and homophobic. There is a lot of history of LGBTQ brutality, and everything had begun back similarly as the 1930s amid the Holocaust. For some years, LGBTQ individuals have been separated in light of their sexual introduction. There are guardians who encourage their kids to look down on homosexuality and that it is seen as unnatural. Be that as it may, that was previously, now the new age is as yet developing so they settle on their own choices: The current study examined demographics, sexual orientation, gender characteristics, and gender minority stress and their association to excessive alcohol, cannabis, and illicit (non cannabis) drug use among 1210 transgender adults living in the United States (Gonzalez). This age is more receptive and all the more tolerating to new thoughts. LGBTQ individuals ought to have the capacity to live with indistinguishable equivalent rights from everybody in America since this is the nation considered. What is it exactly that characterizes our sex? Is it the way that we were brought into the world with certain private parts? Or then again that our folks dressed us in the colors blue or pink to define our macuality and feminity? Is our sex characterized by the toys we played with as kids and the interests we had as youthful grown-ups? While a large portion of us distinguish as the sexual orientation we were conceived as, more than one million individuals in the only us confess to being transgender. Transgender is an umbrella term that alludes to those with personalities that traverse. We hold these certainties to act naturally obvious, that all men are made equivalent, that they are supplied by their creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the quest for Happiness. The Constitution was composed on July 4, 1776 and here we are presently, in 2018, and people are still out in the world not being able to be themselves in their workplaces, or getting fired because they had to lie on their applications. And let us not forget how our current President attempted to try and ban transgender individuals from joining the military. Individuals in America ought to have the capacity to seek after satisfaction and inside this correct they ought to have the capacity to pick what they need to do, regardless of whether it be with their life, body and whatever else they are in control of. Whatever individuals do with what they have is no business of any other individuals except if it encroaches upon another Americans Constitutional rights straig htforwardly. That being said, if ladies wed ladies, men wed men or if a man or lady does not feel like they should be the sex they were brought into the world with, at that point who is any other person to state what they may or may not be able to with their life? Every individual is qualified for their own conviction, however people ought not enable it to influence how they function or carry on with their regular day to day existence. Americans are frequently observed as a reference point of opportunity yet are the general population really free? The natives of America are qualified for their rights, for example, the right to speak freely and opportunity of decision however with regards to their sexuality or sex character, their opportunities are restricted whether by law or by a mans sentiment. Despite the fact that there are rights that are law, it doesnt mean the general population would comply with the laws in like manner. Segregation and provocation against transgender and individuals of an alternate sexuality is regular among individuals younger than twenty-five. Studies demonstrates that around forty-nine percent of transgender individuals younger than twenty-five have endeavored suicide since they were bugged. In addition, to the fact that students have blended sentiments there are guardians who restrict enabling transgender understudies to pick their restroom and game group to join. Guardians stress that there could be sure criminal action if transgenders were permitted to pick which restroom to utilize, however the law mirrors the cutting edge times and calls for change. Stresses over having transgenders pick their own restrooms or locker room is keeping them from having the suspicion that all is well and good and significance that they should feel inside their schools. A declaration from a teen transgender kid from Manteca, California demonstrates that all he needs is to not be discouraged from similar alternatives that typical secondary school young men at his school get, I simply need to be dealt with equivalent to the various young men my school compels me to take a rec center class with all young ladies disregards me feeling secluded (Yan). Although there are stresses of enabling tr ansgenders to pick their restrooms; transgender are nationals of America and merit similar chances, for example, picking which sport group to partake in or which restroom and/or locker space to use, as different subjects. They are being estranged and all they need is to have the capacity to have similar options, for example, bathroom rights, accessible to them. To elaborate more on the transgender bathrooms throughout the years, and how societies perspectives of life have changed; our laws have turned out to be more strict. Presently they are attempting to pass the transgender restroom law.Why would this law need to be passed? What individuals will it help? On the off chance that the law passes it isnt going for long, and it wont be something to be thankful for. What do other individuals think about this law? In the event, that individuals truly need the transgender restroom law to pass, quite possibly this will change that. Transgender restrooms are dull and hazardous. What sort of individuals would need the law to pass? What are transgender restrooms? For what reason would individuals require transgender washrooms when there s two as of now? As indicated by Unisex Public Restrooms, transgender is the point at which you have a craving for being the contrary sex. In the event that theyre homosexual they can go into the female s restrooms. A similar thing likewise goes for females, on the off chance that they crave being guys today. They can utilize the male restrooms. It doesnt matter on the off chance that they are dressed like the contrary sex. They should simply have a craving for being the contrary then they can go into that restroom. That is the reason the vast majority need a unisex washroom. How hazardous is it to be in the restroom with inverse sex? How hazardous is it to run in the restroom with the contrary sex? In the face of these steps forward for the transgender community, a political and legal backlash began in earnest in 2015. On November 3, 2015, voters in Houston, Texas voted to repeal a local anti-discrimination ordinance that forbade discrimination based on gender identity after vigorous campaigning warned voters that the law would allow male sexual predators to follow little girls into girls bathrooms to assault them (Archibald). A few people trust that it is sheltered. But, it wouldnt be right to have any young or older lady go into the mens restroom. Needless to say transgendered individuals in America have made numerous extraordinary steps since the 1990s. They have experienced brutality, absence of human services, and the loss of homes, employments (as I mentioned before), family and companions. There have been numerous periods of the battle of being transgender in America throughout the years. The present stage we should be in now is equivalent rights. There are numerous varieties of victimization the transgendered network. In our general public we basically dont care for what we dont get it. It is less demanding to segregate than to attempt and get it. We are altogether made extraordinary and we ought to value our disparities. The change must stop by tending to the perspectives of people in general. There is much support in the unequal privileges of transgendered people groups. Researchers have been reproachful of the therapeutic foundations and states contribution in building and policing of transgender character. These sort s of squeezing issues have possessed the little existing writing. There isnt much data and examining what is being done on transgender in customary zones, family considers look into, for example, their dating conduct and development of private connections in adulthood. There is little research on the issues around being guardians, their youngsters encounters with having transgendered guardians, and connections in the family overall, and connections in work and school. Sports have been separated of society since the start of recorded history. Sports have additionally been isolated in sexual orientations for quite a long time due to the physical and mental uniqueness of the two sexes. Until we can begin to consider the ethical dilemmas of gender testing for intersex and transgender athletes in the same conversation, we will never be able to fully examine the range of ethical liabilities for all women athletes. While the logic commonly used to defend the respective interests of intersex athletes and trans-women athletes is often at loggerheads, the needs and sensitivities of each population are frequently very similar(Wahlert). These individuals take pride in games. In a few families and to networks sports are imbedded in their social framework; it is vital to their characters. Sports are extremely convention based occasional, runs, and even clothing. This has made ceremonies in games simple to go down from age to age. Despite the fact that occasions and society has changed tenets, customs, and moderate people have not. There is one specific case in the realm of golf that shows this point impeccably. Looking back and doing some deep digging, come to find in 2015, around twenty-one transgender individuals had been casualties of deadly viciousness in the Joined States, a bigger number of killings of transgender individuals than some other year on record. More transgender individuals were killed in the initial a half year of that current year than in all of 2014. While it wasnt said no one knows any numerous insights concerning those unfortunate casualties encounters, investigate demonstrates that transgender individuals confront provocation and segregation in various settings for the duration of their lives. People have come to realize that the odds of confronting segregation, badgering and savagery increment exponentially for transgender ladies of shading, who likewise confront bigotry and sexism. For some transgender ladies of color, the danger of brutality is steady, and there are barely any spots they feel safe. Transgender individuals must be upheld in light of the fact that they are people who have numerous gifts that will bolster and look after society. And, when an individual considers themselves male or female, its called sexual orientation personality, so everybody has a sexual orientation character. The vast majority s sex character coordinates their life structures. In any case, the individuals who are transgender feel not the same as their physical appearances. Society today views transgender as a character issue. The word transgender can be utilized by individuals who wear t sense that theyre either one hundred percent male or female. Schools need to recognize transgender identities more. Transgender students all over the America are battling as they endeavor to fit in at their school. As transgender mindfulness is ending up more known to people in general, their issues are winding up increasingly self-evident. Schools should put more exertion into setting rules and changing the school condition so these understudies feel more acknowledged. With more transgender and sexual orientation non conventionalist students coming out, it is winding up progressively essential that schools focus on their issues feeling acknowledged in their classrooms. Some accept, be that as it may, this isnt fundamental and are against supporting transgender adolescents, yet that is disregarding an understudys convictions and personality. In spite of the sentiments against transgender rights in a school put, transgender understudies ought to be perceived as their distinguished sexual orientation as a result of the over the top tormenting t hey confront, to enable keep to down transgender suicide rates, and to make washrooms and locker rooms a more agreeable and safe condition. It is accepted by some that being transgender and reassigning of their sex sustains into a culture of self-ingestion and brokenness. In any case, LGBTQ youngsters are less inclined to be glad than their straight peers. Sexuality can be essentially characterized as a persons ability for sexual emotions. Then again personality, for this situation, sex character is a mans self-origination of being either male or female dependent on his or her relationship with the ladylike of manly sexual orientation jobs. Individuals might be separated and be misled dependent on their view of sexuality and character, particularly on the off chance that they neglect to adjust to the societal standards and desires (Beemyn, 2012). Diverse societies have distinctive perspectives and translations of sexuality and sexual movement. This, along these lines, implies that distinctive social orders have differing standards that are set up in an offer to strengthen the social arrangement of sexuality that is regarded as worthy (Widmer, Treas Newcomb, 1998). Appear and Clark (2006) contends that there are explicit characteristics that individuals credit to individuals of a specific sexual orientation personality. For this situation, the creators contend that much of the time the guys are related to character qualities, for example, forcefulness, apathetic, legitimate, unpleasant, gruff, messy, direct, and dynamic. Among others. Up to this point, the issues and even presence of a transgender network have been to a great extent out of the general population eye. But, how improved comprehend is this market? One has to work together and have legitimate every day cooperation with the Trans people group, one must put must put time into conveying in a way that is as tolerating as could reasonably be expected. As indicated by transgender lady Caitlyn Jenner on her show I Am Cait, the transgender issue is the place the gay issue was twenty years back. Individuals who fall under the umbrella of Trans have diverse correspondences that they lean toward. So as to comprehend this network we should initially understand the best possible pronouns. Likewise, we should have the capacity to take a gander at the diverse parts of the Trans people group, which incorporate genderqueer. This may appear to be new to individuals new to the network, however they are digging in for the long haul so the world must adjust to them.

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Individual Student Profile. Knowing And Articulating A

Individual Student Profile Knowing and articulating a personal philosophy is a valuable activity. In the educational field, this is certainly no different. Articulating one’s personal philosophy on learning is worthwhile and valuable because it helps bring into focus why one makes decisions in a certain way. In teaching and learning, decisions are constantly being made, and so it is important to have a clear understanding of one’s own personal philosophy so decisions will be made in accordance with it. Writing a personal philosophy helps one to clearly see his or her own values and goals. A personal education philosophy is a reflection of beliefs, experience, and education. The paper that follows is my philosophy of learning, which†¦show more content†¦So, although doing and self-learning are important aspects, outside expert guidance should not be discounted, rather valued as an intricate and vital part of quality learning. I believe that learning occur s best when students are guided by an expert in authentic, meaningful tasks in an atmosphere of autonomy and freedom where mistakes are learned from, not punished, and students are encouraged to collaborate to achieve more than they knew they could. Teachers need to engage students in valuable and meaningful â€Å"doing† in order to achieve life-long self-directed learning. Purposeful significant learning requires active engagement in inquiry, strong motivation, and interaction with and feedback from others. The most memorable class I have ever partaken in was when I was in high school. It was my physics class. It was my favorite class because the teacher did an excellent job promoting active engagement in inquiry, motivation, and interaction. For example, instead of paper and pencil exams we performed a demonstration. The demonstration would be something like launching a car off of a ramp to land on a piece of paper, with the teacher’s face on it, several feet away ; or dropping a Barbie doll off of a ledge with the correct length and tension of a rubber band bungee cord so the doll would get a close as possible to a bucket of water without actually getting wet. These demonstrations were fun, motivating, and exciting. This is whatShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Multiple Intelligences3232 Words   |  13 Pagesthe elementary and middle school classrooms. There may be many ways for a person to be smart, the paper is focused on where students may be engaged in their intelligences in the classroom. A review of literature has shown that the Theory of Multiple Intelligence, while not first intended to be directed towards education, had had a profound impact on teachers and students. â€Å"MI theory offers neither a curriculum nor a goal toward which educators are expected to strive. 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Thursday, December 12, 2019

Ibm History Essay Example For Students

Ibm History Essay 1890-1938: The early years IBM was incorporated in the state of New York on June 15, 1911 as the Computing-Tabulating-Recording Company. But its origins can be traced back to 1890, during the height of the Industrial Revolution, when the United States was experiencing waves of immigration. The U.S. Census Bureau knew its traditional methods of counting would not be adequate for measuring the population, so it sponsored a contest to find a more efficient means of tabulating census data. The winner was Herman Hollerith, a German immigrant and Census Bureau statistician, whose Punch Card Tabulating Machine used an electric current to sense holes in punch cards and keep a running total of data. Capitalizing on his success, Hollerith formed the Tabulating Machine Co. in 1896. In 1911, Charles R. Flint, a noted trust organizer, engineered the merger of Holleriths company with two others, Computing Scale Co. of America and International Time Recording Co. The combined Computing-Tabulating-R ecording Co., or C-T-R, manufactured and sold machinery ranging from commercial scales and industrial time recorders to meat and cheese slicers and, of course, tabulators and punch cards. Based in New York City, the company had 1,300 employees and offices and plants in Endicott and Binghamton, N.Y.; Dayton, Ohio; Detroit, Mich.; Washington, D.C., and Toronto, Canada. When the diversified businesses of C-T-R proved difficult to manage, Flint turned for help to the former No. 2 executive at the National Cash Register Co., Thomas J. Watson. In 1914, Watson, age 40, joined the company as general manager. The son of Scottish immigrants, Watson had been a top salesman at NCR, but left after clashing with its autocratic leader, John Henry Patterson. However, Watson did adopt some of Pattersons more effective business tactics: generous sales incentives, an insistence on well-groomed, dark-suited salesmen and an evangelical fervor for instilling company pride and loyalty in every worker. Wat son boosted company spirit with employee sports teams, family outings and a company band. He preached a positive outlook, and his favorite slogan, THINK, became a mantra for C-T-Rs employees. Watson also stressed the importance of the customer, a lasting IBM tenet. He understood that the success of the client translated into the success of his company, a belief that, years later, manifested itself in the popular adage, Nobody was ever fired for buying from IBM. Within 11 months of joining C-T-R, Watson became its president. The company focused on providing large-scale, custom-built tabulating solutions for businesses, leaving the market for small office products to others. During Watsons first four years, revenues doubled to $2 million. He also expanded the companys operations to Europe, South America, Asia and Australia. In 1924, to reflect C-T-Rs growing worldwide presence, its name was changed to International Business Machines Corp., or IBM. During the Great Depression of the 19 30s, IBM managed to grow while the rest of the U.S. economy floundered. Watson took care of his employees. IBM was among the first corporations to provide group life insurance (1934), survivor benefits (1935) and paid vacations (1936). While most businesses had shut down, Watson kept his workers busy producing new machines even while demand was slack. Thanks to the resulting large inventory of equipment, IBM was ready when the Social Security Act of 1935 brought the company a landmark government contract to maintain employment records for 26 million people. It was called the biggest accounting operation of all time, and it went so well that orders from other U.S. government departments quickly followed. The Social Security deal was secured even while IBM was at odds with another branch of the federal government. The Justice Department filed an antitrust case against IBM and Remington-Rand in 1932, alleging that the two companies, which controlled virtually the entire market for punc h card machines, were illegally requiring customers to buy their punch cards. The case went to the Supreme Court, which ruled in favor of the Justice Department in 1936. In subsequent years, IBMs size and success would inspire numerous antitrust actions. A 1952 suit by the Justice Department, settled four years later, forced IBM to sell its tabulating machines at the time, IBM offered them only through leases in order to establish a competing, used-machine market. Another federal antitrust suit dragged on for thirteen years until the Justice Department concluded it was without merit and dropped it in 1982. IBMs competitors filed 20 antitrust actions during the 1970s. None succeeded. 1939-1963: Era of innovation When World War II began, all IBM facilities were placed at the disposal of the U.S. government. IBMs product line expanded to include bombsights, rifles and engine parts in all, more than three dozen major ordnance items. Watson set a nominal one-percent profit on those pr oducts and used the money to establish a fund for widows and orphans of IBM war casualties. The war years also marked IBMs first steps toward computing. The Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, also called the Mark I, was completed in 1944 after six years of development with Harvard University. It was the first machine that could execute long computations automatically. Over 50 feet long, 8 feet high, and weighing almost 5 tons, the Mark I took less than a second to solve an addition problem, but about six seconds for multiplication and twice as long for division far slower than any pocket calculator today. In 1952, the company introduced the IBM 701, its first large computer based on the vacuum tube. The tubes were quicker, smaller, and more easily replaceable than the electromechanical switches in the Mark I. The 701 executed 17,000 instructions per second and was used primarily for government and research work. But vacuum tubes rapidly moved computers into business applicat ions such as billing, payroll and inventory control. By 1959, transistors were replacing vacuum tubes. The IBM 7090, one of the first fully transistorized mainframes, could perform 229,000 calculations per second. The Air Force used the 7090 to run its Ballistic Missile Early Warning System. In 1964, American Airlines SABRE reservations system used two 7090 mainframes to link sales desks in 65 cities. IBM led data processing in a new direction with the 1957 delivery of the IBM 305 Random Access Method of Accounting and Control (RAMAC), the first computer disk storage system. Such machines became the industrys basic storage medium for transaction processing. In less than a second, the RAMACs random access arm could retrieve data stored on any of 50 spinning disks. At an IBM exhibit at the 1958 Worlds Fair in Brussels, the RAMAC answered world history questions in ten languages. Also in 1957, IBM introduced FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), a computer language based on algebra, grammar a nd syntax rules. It became the most widely used computer language for technical work. A new generation of IBM leadership oversaw this period of rapid technology change. After nearly four decades as IBMs chief executive, Thomas Watson passed the title of president on to his son, Thomas Watson Jr., in 1952. (Another family member, Tom Jr.s younger brother Arthur K. Watson, built the World Trade Corporation IBMs foreign operations into such a dominating force that it had installed 90 percent of the computers in Europe by the 1960s.) Born the year his father was hired by C-T-R in 1914, Tom Watson Jr. had been heir apparent since joining IBM in 1937 as a salesman. After a five-year interruption, during which he served as a pilot in the U.S. Army Air Corps, Watson Jr. rejoined the company in 1946, and was named a vice president six months later. He became chief executive officer just six weeks before his fathers death on June 19, 1956 at age 82. Just as his father saw the companys futur e in tabulators rather than scales and meat slicers, Tom Watson Jr. foresaw the role computers would play in business, and he pushed IBM to meet the challenge. He led the companys transformation from a medium-sized maker of tabulating equipment and typewriters to an industrial giant. During his stewardship, revenue grew from $900 million to $8 billion, and the number of employees rose from 72,500 to 270,000. 1964-1980: A new family On April 7, 1964, IBM introduced the System/360, the first large family of computers to use interchangeable software and peripheral equipment. Rather than purchase a new system when the need and budget grew, customers now could simply upgrade parts of their hardware. It was a bold departure from the monolithic, one-size-fits-all mainframe. Fortune magazine dubbed it IBMs $5 billion gamble. System/360 offered a choice of five processors and 19 combinations of power, speed and memory. A user could operate the same magnetic tape and disk products as another user with a processor 100 times more powerful. System/360 also offered dramatic performance gains, thanks to Solid Logic Technology (SLT) half-inch ceramic modules containing circuitry far denser, faster and more reliable than earlier transistors. Under Tom Watson Jr., there also were innovations in marketing. In 1969, IBM changed the way it sold technology. Rather than offer hardware, services and software exclusively in packages, marketers unbundled the components and offered them for sale individually. Unbundling gave birth to the multibillion-dollar software and services industries. Today, IBM is the world leader in both industries. The 1970s saw the end of more than a half-century of Watson family leadership. Tom Watson Jr. stepped down as CEO in 1971. After an interim period of leadership by T. Vincent Learson, Frank T. Cary took over the company in 1973. Watson served as U.S. ambassador to the Soviet Union from 1979 to 1981 and remained a member of IBMs board of directors un til 1984. He died in 1993 at the age of 79. During Carys tenure, the computer industry expanded and wove its way into everyday life. The floppy disk, introduced in 1971, became the standard for storing personal computer data. When people shopped for groceries, IBMs supermarket checkout station, introduced in 1973, used glass prisms, lenses and a laser to read product prices. Also in 1973, bank customers began making withdrawals, transfers and other account inquiries via the IBM 3614 Consumer Transaction Facility, an early form of todays Automatic Teller Machines. 1981-1992: The PC era John R. Opels appointment as CEO in 1981 coincided with the beginning of a new era of computing. Thanks to the birth of the IBM Personal Computer, or PC, the IBM brand began to enter homes, small businesses and schools. Though not a spectacular machine by technological standards, the IBM PC brought together all of the most desirable features of a computer into one small machine. It offered 16 kilobytes of memory (expandable to 256 kilobytes), one or two floppy disk drives and an optional color monitor. When designing the PC, IBM for the first time contracted the production of its components to outside companies. The processor chip came from Intel, and the operating system, called DOS (Disk Operating System), came from a 32-person company called Microsoft. John F. Akers became CEO in 1985 and focused on streamlining operations and redeploying resources. IBMs typewriter, keyboard, and printer business the division that created the popular Selectric typewriter with its floating golf ball type element in the 1960s was sold to the investment firm of Clayton, Dubilier Rice Inc. and became an independent company, Lexmark Inc. During Akers tenure, IBMs significant investment in research produced four Nobel Prize winners in physics, achieved breakthroughs in mathematics, memory storage and telecommunications, and made great strides in expanding computing capabilities. The IBM token-rin g local area network, introduced in 1985, permitted personal computer users to exchange information and share printers and files within a building or complex. With the further development of the computer, IBM laid a foundation for network computing and numerous other applications. Despite these advances, this was a period when IBM struggled. During the 1980s and early 1990s, IBM was thrown into turmoil by back-to-back revolutions. The PC revolution placed computers directly in the hands of millions of people. And then, the client/server revolution sought to link all of those PCs (the clients) with larger computers that labored in the background (the servers that served data and applications to client machines). Both revolutions transformed the way customers viewed, used and bought technology. And both fundamentally rocked IBM. Businesses purchasing decisions were put in the hands of individuals and departments not the places where IBM had long-standing customer relationships. Piece -part technologies took precedence over integrated solutions. The focus was on the desktop and personal productivity, not on business applications across the enterprise. By 1993, the companys annual net losses reached a record $8 billion. Cost management and streamlining became a chief concern. And IBM considered splitting its divisions into separate independent businesses. 1993-present: A new IBM Louis V. Gerstner Jr. arrived as IBMs chairman and CEO on April 1, 1993. For the first time in the companys history IBM had found a leader from outside its ranks. Gerstner had been chairman and CEO of RJR Nabisco for four years, and had previously spent 11 years as a top executive at American Express. Gerstner brought with him a customer-oriented sensibility and the strategic-thinking expertise that he had honed through years as a management consultant at McKinsey Co. Soon after he arrived, he had to take dramatic action to stabilize the company. These steps included rebuilding IBMs produ ct line, continuing to shrink the workforce and making significant cost reductions. Despite mounting pressure to split IBM into separate, independent companies, Gerstner decided to keep the company together. He recognized that one of IBMs enduring strengths was its ability to provide integrated solutions for customers someone to represent more than piece parts or components. Splitting the company would have destroyed a unique IBM advantage. With the rise of the Internet and network computing the company experienced another dramatic shift in the industry. But this time IBM was better prepared. All the hard work IBM had done to catch up in the client/server field served the company well in the network computing era. Once again, customers were focused on integrated business solutions a key IBM strength that combined the companys expertise in solutions, services, products and technologies. In the fall of 1995, delivering the keynote address at the COMDEX computer industry trade show i n Las Vegas, Gerstner articulated IBMs new vision that network computing would drive the next phase of industry growth and would be the companys overarching strategy. That year, IBM acquired Lotus Development Corp., and the next year acquired Tivoli Systems Inc. Services became the fastest growing segment of the company, with growth at more than 20 percent per year. From 1993 to 1996, the market value of the company increased by more than $50 billion. In May 1997, IBM dramatically demonstrated computings potential with Deep Blue, a 32-node IBM RS/6000 SP computer programmed to play chess on a world class level. In a six-game match in New York, Deep Blue defeated World Chess Champion Garry Kasparov. It was the first time a computer had beaten a top-ranked chess player in tournament play, and it ignited a public debate on how close computers could come to approximating human intelligence. The scientists behind Deep Blue, however, preferred to stress more practical concerns. Deep Blue s calculating power it could assess 200 million chess moves per second had a wide range of applications in fields calling for the systematic exploration of a vast number of variables, among them forecasting weather, modeling financial data and developing new drug therapies. Free Macbeths: Use of Images and Imagery Mac Essay